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根据欧洲疾病预防管制中心（ECDC）整理，人类歷史上有多次大流行疾病，早期是霍乱、鼠疫及天花，20世纪最大的威胁则是流行性感冒。

20世纪初至今的“大流行”疾病，首先是从1918年至1919年爆发的流感大流行，又称为西班牙流感，延烧近乎全球各地，当时医疗条件远不比现今，造成2000万至5000万人丧命，被认为是近代最致命的传染病疫情。

第2及第3次是1957年亚洲流感及1968年香港流感，估计死亡人数均约在100万至400万人之间。

第4次则是2009年在墨西哥和美国传出H1N1新型流感疫情，根据美国疾病管制暨预防中心（CDC）统计，美国约6100万人染病、约1万2000人不治。