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中国人常说百家姓，但实际上姓氏不只100个，中国历代出现过且有记载的姓氏有逾5000个。不过，说到最古老的姓氏，近日有中国传媒列出22个，当中至今仍常见则为“曹、任、姜、董”等，而中国史上首个姓氏为“风”姓。

曹姓由另一古姓姬氏衍生出来，商朝末期周文王第13子曹叔振铎，受封于曹，并以此建立曹国，但后被宋国所灭，而该国人民则以国为姓氏。另一个至今仍然普及的董姓，据指是出自上古五帝的帝舜赐予颛顼后裔飂之子的姓氏，属于帝王赐姓氏。

另外，任姓是5000年前黄帝赐封的12个基本姓氏之一，姜姓源出神农氏。至于中国首个姓氏风姓，据古籍《帝王世纪》和《竹书纪年》的记载，上古三皇五帝之首包羲伏羲氏的父亲燧人氏就是风姓，属于以华夏文明起源口传历史姓氏，故此成为最早的姓氏。

除了上述五姓外，媒体也列出另外17个中国最古老姓氏，分别为妫、姒、子、姬、嬴、己、吉、芊、祁、妘、偃、归、曼、芈、隗、漆、允等，而上述古姓，多与夏、商、周3个朝代的历史有关，部分更涉及中国上古时代，且主要与炎帝、黄帝、少昊、颛顼、帝喾、帝挚、尧和舜有关联。

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